Chapter 1 “History of Pakistan-II”
Pakistan Studies Ch 1
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FBISE Class 10 SSC-II
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Q.1. Describe the salient features of the 1973 constitution in detail.
Ans: Salient Features of the 1973 Constitution:
- The constitution proclaims Islamic Republic of Pakistan as official name of the republic.
- The constitution proclaims Islam as state religion.
- Urdu has been adopted as the national language.
- Fundamental rights of the citizens have been safeguarded without discrimination
- The constitution is a written document, comprising 280 articles, divided into 12 parts includes 6 schedules and 26 amendments.
- The constitution can be amended by two thirds majority of the National Assembly and the Senate.
- Only a Muslim can contest election for the office of the prime minister, as well as the office of the president.
Q.2. Write a detailed note on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s nationalization policy.
Ans: NATIONALIZATION:
Keeping in view the economic deprivation of the people Zulfikar Ali Bhutto assured the people that all the big industrial units would be taken under governmental control. This policy was called ‘nationalization’. Under this policy the government took following major steps:
In January 1972, 32 heavy industrial units were taken under government control. Important among these were: iron and steel industry, heavy engineering, heavy electrical industry, automobile industry, tractor industry, petrochemicals industry, cement industry, electricity, gas companies and oil refineries etc.
Despite this assurance the government started a second round of nationalization in 1972. In this phase cotton sugar, edible oil and ghee industries were nationalized. This second phase ended in 1976 with the nationalization of paddy husking units.
State Life Insurance Corporation was instituted and its branches were opened throughout Pakistan. On January 1, 1974 all private sector banks were nationalized.
Private educational institutions were also nationalized. Emoluments of the employees of these institutions were brought at par to those of the government employees.
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Q.3. What important steps were taken by Gen. Zia’s government in respect of his Islamization policy.
Ans: POLICY OF ISLAMIZATION:
After coming into power, General Zia-ul-Haq announced that he will entrust power in the hands of people’s representatives after holding free and fair elections within 90 days, but he changed his mind shortly after and announced that his foremost objective was the implementation of Nizam-e-Mustafa. Given below is a brief summary of the steps taken by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in pursuance of his policy of Islamization:
Judiciary and Legal System:
Islamic penalties were imposed on crimes like drinking wine, theft, adultery and qadaf (false allegation of adultery). Federal Shari’a Court was established, its status was equal to that of High Courts. Ulama were appointed as judges in the Shari’a Court. An Islamic University and a Shari’a Faculty were instituted in Islamabad.
Financial Matters:
Nizam-e-Zakat was introduced in 1980 and Nizam-e-ushr in 1983. Certain initial steps were taken for the elimination of riba (interest) from banking practices. Interest-free accounts, based on profit-loss-sharing were introduced for the first time in the banking history of the country.
Observance of Religious Sanctities:
Salah Committees were formed in governmental institutions to make arrangements for Zuhur prayer and motivating people for saying prayers. Ehtram-e-Ramadan Ordinance was promulgated, which prohibited eating and drinking at public places during the holy month of Ramadan. Radio and television were ordered to broadcast azan and hajj proceedings.
Education:
Islamic Studies was introduced as a compulsory subject at Intermediate and degree levels. Degrees of the religious schools (deeni madaris) were declared equivalent to B.A. and M.A. degrees. Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) was made a compulsory subject in law colleges.
Building of National Sprit:
National dress code was implemented in the courts of law. Wearing of national dress was encouraged in government institutions. National dress code was made mandatory for official gatherings.
Media:
Indecent and un-Islamic programs were banned on radio and television. Arabic and the Holy Quran classes were started on radio and television. Radio and television increased the number of religious programs and started broadcasting the annual Hajj proceedings and other Islamic events.
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FBISE Exams: Class 10 Pakistan Studies
Chapter 1: History of Pakistan II - MCQs
Q.4. Write a note on Muhammad Khan Junejo’s election as prime minister and his dismissal later on.
Ans: Muhammad Khan Junejo’s Government (1985-1988):
After his success in a controversial referendum, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq took oath for the office of the president for next five years, on March 23, 1985, under restored constitution. Elections were held, on non-party basis, and a well reputed Sindh based politician Muhammad Khan Junejo was appointed prime minister. The Parliament passed 8th constitutional amendment bill in December 1985. Martial law was lifted. Following are important features of the amendment:
All the steps so far taken by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and all changes in the constitution affected by him were legalized.
President’s power to dissolve the Parliament was given constitutional status.
All steps taken by General Zia, in pursuance of his Islamization policy, were given constitutional protection.
It was a general perception about Junejo that he will always follow Zia’s line and remain loyal to him. But contrary to all expectations Junejo started to assert the authority of the civil government. This created a rift between the president and the prime minister, which further increased when Muhammad Khan Junejo expressed his intention to curtail defense budget for strengthening national economy. But the Geneva Accord proved to be the ultimate cause for the removal of Muhammad Khan Junejo.
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Q.5. Write a note on the economic reforms of Shaukat Aziz with special reference to his policies of industrialization and nationalization.
Ans: Industrialization and Privatization:
After becoming prime minister in 2004, Shaukat Aziz started the process of privatization at a faster pace. He targeted the privatization of 100% state-owned corporations and 85% of banks. He was successful in selling the shares of 85% banks and other state-owned corporations till 2007. Privatization of telecom sector produced remarkable results, enormous foreign investment came in, mobile phone facility became common and widespread.
Economic Reforms:
A composite term ‘Macro Economic Reforms’ was used for the economic reforms introduced by Parvez Musharraf government. Following are the salient features of this policy:
Good governance.
Market reforms which implied, increase the number of tax-payers, documentation of transactions (sale and purchase), levying of sales tax.
Increase exports.
Human Resource Development i.e. using the population for economic development by educating the people and imparting skills.
Water-resources-management (i.e. taking maximum benefit from water resources) and co-operative farming.
Economy free of government control (denationalization).
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