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PAKISTAN AND WORLD AFFAIRS
Ch 2 FBISE Class 10 SSC-II
Long Questions/ Answers
Q.1. Discuss in detail the geo-strategic significance of Pakistan.
1=GEO-STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PAKISTAN IN GLOBAL SETTING Central Position in the Islamic World: Geographically, Pakistan occupies a central place in the Muslim World. Pakistan is located almost in the midst of the Muslim states starting from Morocco in the West to Indonesia in the East.
Significance in World Affairs:
Significance as an Important Third World Country:
The People's Republic of China occupies a place of prime importance in world politics as an emerging Asian Power. Pakistan has very close friendly relations with China. Both countries maintain identical point of view regarding most of the international issues. China considers Pakistan as a trustworthy friend.
Corridor for Afghanistan and the Central Asian States:
The Soviet Union had established itself as a super global power at the time of Pakistan's birth. The USSR occupied the largest area of land on the globe. Afghanistan's narrow land strip of Wakhan separated Pakistan from the then Soviet state of Tajikistan. The sea bordering the USSR remains frozen throughout the year making navigation and trade impossible. It is a well-known fact that maritime transport is the cheapest and the most economical means of goods forwarding. Allah has blessed Pakistan with warm water ports in the Arabian Sea, where shipping continues un-interrupted throughout the year. Most well-known of these ports are Karachi Port Qasim and Gwadar. Pakistan provides transit facilities to the vehicles carrying goods from our seaports to Afghanistan and the Central Asian States. Karachi is the most important seaport for trade between Pakistan's Roles in War 2001, the USA started war against Al-Qaeda.
East and West. Against Terrorism: After September 11, and other terrorist organizations. Due to our strategic position America needed Pakistan's support to operate in Afghanistan, these developments again made Pakistan's importance felt by the global community.
Q.2. what are the aims and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy?
2=OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY
i) Safeguard of Territorial Sovereignty and Security:
Safeguard of national and ideological objectives and territorial integrity are the guiding principles of our foreign policy. Establishing friendly relations with neighbouring countries and the Muslim states are our top most priorities. We want to establish friendly relations with all countries of the world on the basis of equality, promote international cooperation and solidarity and undertake to work with international organizations for the promotion of global peace and preservation of human rights.
ii) Ideological Concerns:
Our country has an ideological basis. Pakistan was established on the basis of Two Nation Theory with the sole purpose of providing the South Asian Muslims with a homeland where they could live with dignity and honour in the light of democratic principles enunciated by Islam. The founders of Pakistan believed that the Muslims of Pakistan should invoke Muslims identity as a positive sentiment. This did not imply hatred for any other nation. According the constitution of Pakistan non- Muslims have equal citizenship status, they are free to follow their religious traditions and culture. To safeguard our ideological concerns is a guiding principle of our foreign policy.
Ill) Economic Development:
Economic well-being of the South Asian Muslims was another objective of the Pakistan Movement. Unfortunately, this objective could not be achieved due to unfavourable circumstance Pakistan had to face. Pakistan still stands in the line of the most underdeveloped countries of the world.
In the modern world, balance of trade counts much for the economic development of countries, favourable balance of trade is achieved by increasing exports and keeping the imports at a lower level. Pakistan has made trade agreements with all the big powers and rich countries of the world e.g. the USA, the UK, Canada, Japan, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Big industrial and developmental projects have been set up with the help of friendly countries, some of these projects are; Mangala Dam, Tarbela Dam, Shahrah-e-Resham, Karachi Steel Mills, Heavy Industries Texila, Karachi Nuclear Energy Project, Chashma Nuclear Energy Project, Gwadar Sea Port, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).Etc.
Pakistan has joined a number of international organizations working for the economic uplift of their members. Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) was established in 1964 by Pakistan, Iran and Turkey. The Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO), instituted in 1985, is an extended form of the RCD, with the inclusion of new member countries. This organization works for the economic uplift of its member nations. Pakistan is also a member of the WTO. During the OIC summit conference held in Islamabad in 1997, the president of Pakistan emphasized enhanced economic cooperation among the Muslim states and proposed a common market of the Muslim world. Economic self-reliance is an important objective of Pakistan's foreign policy.
v) Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage: The area which is now Pakistan, has been the abode of the most ancient civilizations of the world. We have always tried to promote our culture and preserve our heritage for the coming generations. In these efforts international community has always stood by our side. Most worth mentioning has been the UNESCO's role. (UNESCO is a specialized body of the UN). Taxila is the centre of Gandhara civilization. Remains of Gandhara civilization spread over a vast area of land are the objects of great reverence for the Buddhist community of the world. Harappa. Mohenjodaro and Kot Diji are the centers of the old Indus Valley civilization. Archaeologist’s and historians show keen interest in the study of ancient civilizations. Which flourished in our land. Muslim saints (sufia) came to South Asia after the advent of Islam. They left deep imprints on the culture and civilization of this land. The Muslim rulers gave South Asia prosperity and unique architect. International community has rendered valuable assistance for the preservation of our cultural sites. Pakistan has cultural agreements with countries like Iran, Turkey, Indonesia, Libya, the UAE, Iraq Malaysia and a number of Central Asian States. Cultural delegations are frequently exchanged with these countries, this helps us promote our cultural heritage more effectively.
Q.3. Discuss in detail Pakistan's relations with India.
3=Pak-India Relations
History of conflict between India and Pakistan due to Kashmir issue dates back to the days of partition in 1947. Due to this issue, the two countries could never develop good- neighbourly relations with each other. As soon as, after partition, the Indian forces occupied Kashmir against the will of the people of Kashmir and the unrest in Kashmir turned into full scale revolt. First Indo-Pak war on Kashmir issue broke out in May 1948.
Another war started on September 6, 1965 and lasted for 17 days. India played key role in the separation of East Pakistani’s well. Indian propaganda about West Pakistan’s exploitation of East Pakistan, infused hatred in the people of East Pakistan which resulted in a full-scale rebellion in the province and ultimate dismemberment of Pakistan. In 1971 East Pakistan was separated from West Pakistan and a battle between Indian and Pakistani forces was fought on western front as well. India's first nuclear test in 1974in Rajasthan incited a sense of insecurity in Pakistan and instigated arm race in neighbouring countries. Sensible people in both countries have now started thinking differently. It is obvious that this perpetual state of war has never benefitted these two countries, this has only given us poverty, ignorance and deprivation.
Now time has come to divert our resources from useless war mongering to meaningful nation-building. For this we need to solve our conflicts through peaceful negotiations. In1988 an agreement was signed by the Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The two countries resolved to abstain from attacking each other’s nuclear installations and to withdraw forces from Siachen. In 1997 Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and the Indian Prime Minister I. K. Gujral started a new round of talks for reconciliation and peace.
Attal Bihari Vajpaye was the first Indian prime minister who visited Allama Muhammad Iqbal's mausoleum to pay homage to the poet-philosopher, healso went to Minar-e-Pakistan as a token of respect for Pakistan's integrity. During this visit, both prime ministers signed an agreement and resolved to settle all mutual disputes through peaceful negotiations. This agreement was named "Elaan-e-Lahore". After Vajpayethe Indian government went into the hands of Hindu extremists and the process of reconciliation came to a standstill.
Q.4. Write a detailed note on Kashmir dispute.
4= the state of Jammu and Kashmir covers a vast area of approximately 220000 kilometres. In 1947 the state had a population of about four million. In 1846 the British sold this state to Ghulab Singh Dogra for only 7.5 million Rupees. With regard to its population and area, Kashmir was one of the largest princely Muslim states in British India but it was ruled by a Hindu Raja, Hari Singh Dogra. The 1947 partition was based on the principle of Hindu and Muslim majority areas, but unfortunately the Hindu Raja of Kashmir did not allow his Muslim majority state to be annexed with Pakistan. Obviously the Muslim majority population wanted the state to be a part of Pakistan.
Important Development: Under the Third June Partition Plan, rulers of the princely state were given final authority to decide the future of their respective states. Congress leadership and the rulers of the Hindu and Sikh princely states, neighbouring Kashmir, started to persuade the Maharaja of Kashmir to join the Indian union. Gandhi, Pandit Nehru and Viceroy Lord Mountbatten also pressurized the Maharaja for accession.
The Maharaja had started to disarm the Muslims living in the areas adjacent to the Punjab border, Poonch and Jammu areas. The Maharaja deployed his troops in the area. The Hindus and the Sikhs started organized genocide of the Muslim population. Half million Muslims were expelled from their homes in the Hindu and Sikh majority areas of Jammu. Two hundred thousand of these Muslims lost their lives probably due to cold weather or epidemics, nobody knows how many of them were slaughtered on their way to the west Punjab. Those who reached the west Punjab were in miserable condition.
Q.5. Discuss important developments in the history of Pak-US relations.
5= Pak-America Relations
In the history of international relations, the period during which Pakistan emerged as an independent state is known as 'the cold war era'. The era was marked with polarization between the communist block led by the Soviet Union and the capitalist block led by the United States of America. The US and the USSR were trying hard to expand their respective spheres of influence. The founders of Pakistan wanted to keep Pakistan out of the power strife, but the leadership which succeeded the founding fathers made Pakistan a committed ally of the United States. Pakistan's first Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan paid an extensive visit to America in 1950.
Americans made it clear in the same year (1950) that they wanted to contain the expansion of the USSR and for that purpose the USA needed the help of the countries neighbouring Russia. In 1954, Pakistan, Turkey and Iran entered into a treaty agreement. Through this American sponsored treaty, these three countries of the region became a part of the American block. This treaty agreement was followed by three military alliances. Pakistan joined the Baghdad Pact in 1955, other members were Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Iraq withdrew its membership in 1958, in 1959 it was reconstituted as Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came into power in 1971, he believed in a policy of non-alignment, based on bilateralism. Under this vision he improved relations with the USSR and the People’s Republic of China. This was natural that Pakistan's relation with America were not so cordial during Bhutto era. Sanctions were also imposed by the US. It was under the policy of non- alignment that Pakistan decided to quit the American sponsored pacts. Pakistan withdrew from SEATO in 1972 and CENTO in 1979.
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FBISE Exams: Class 10 Pakistan Studies
Chapter 1: History of Pakistan II - MCQs
Q.6. Give an account of Pakistan's services as member of the United Nations.
6= PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
Membership: Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947 and was admitted to the membership of the UN in the very next month i.e. September 1947. Pakistan has always adhered to the UN Charter and been instrumentet in all the peace making and human development initiative of the UN as well as the global community of nations.
Support for the Right of Self-determination: Pakistan joined the UN at a time when the World War- II had ended and colonized nations were trying hard for liberating themselves from colonial powers during this period Pakistan raised voice in the favour of all these nations. Pakistan's diplomatic efforts for the right of self-determination of the people of Indonesia, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Eriteria, Kashmir and Palestine, will always be remembered.
Support for Disarmament Initiatives of the UN: Pakistan strongly believes that arms race is an imminent danger for the future of humanity. Pakistan has always supported UN efforts of arms limitation. Pakistan believes that nuclear energy should be used for peaceful purposes.
UN Membership to be Open for All: Pakistan has always welcomed new entrants in the United Nations. We believe that UN doors should be open for all peace-loving nation of the world, this will provide an assurance that more and more countries abide by the UN Charter. Pakistan raised voice in the favour of the People Republic of China's membership of the UN for about 20 years
Co-operation in Peace-making Efforts of the UN: Peaceful settlement of international issues is a cardinal principle of Pakistan's foreign policy. Pakistan has always given full support to the UN in its peace-keeping efforts.
Respect for Human Dignity and Freedom: Pakistan's basic ideology is Islam and Islam fully endorses these noble principles. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan strictly prohibits slavery and forced labour.
fbise pak studies model papers class 10
Q.7. Discuss in detail Pakistan's relations with the People's Republic of China.
7= Pakistan’s northern neighbour, the People Republic of China is the most populcas country of the world. The People's Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949. Pakistan recognized the newly established Chinese government in January 1950. Chiang kai Shek's nationalist government after its defeat at the hands of Mao's Communist party, had retreated to Taiwan.
For a long time after the establishment of the Peoples' Republic of China, Nationalist China, which represented only a thin minority of the Chinese people was allowed to represent the entire Chinese nation in the UN. In 1950 Pakistan took firm stand that only the Peoples' Republic of China had the sole right to represent the Chinese People. In 1950, Pakistan remained neutral on the issue of China occupation of Tibet. Pakistan joined SEATO in the year 1954 and the Baghdad Pact in 1955,
Pakistan and China peacefully concluded a boundary pact in 1963, namely the Trans Karakoram Tract, this brought both countries closer. In 1964, China decides to support Pakistan on Kashmir issue. China gave Pakistan diplomatic support in 1965 and 1971 wars. In 1971 Pakistan played important role in bringing China and America closer to each other.
Both countries established diplomatic relations for the first time, this paved way for the Peoples' Republic of China's membership of the United Nation. Not only this, The Peoples' Republic of China also got one of the five permanent members' seats in the UN Security Council in 1971. Pak-China friendship was further strengthened during Bhutto era (1971- 1977). China provided large scale military and economic aid to Pakistan.
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