FBISE SSC II
Pak Studies Class 10 Chapter 3
Economic Development
Long Question/Answers
Q.1. Evaluate the strategy of economic development through decades after independence.
Ans: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLANNING THROUGH DECADES
Fast five-year plan, after partition, was published In May 1956, after this, seven development plans were launched at different times. Our development strategy has been under constant change throughout these years. In the decade starting in 1951, emphasis was laid on industrial development. Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) was established in 1952. Heavy industry like cement, fertilizer, paper, sugar, textile and ship breaking was established by the PIDC.
Strategy of economic planning was changed after 1960, agriculture was placed at priority equal to industry. Foreign aid and the money coming into the country in shape of loans and foreign investment was considered essential for economic growth. This policy proved successful, and the country achieved the target of 7 percent annual growth, but this policy had its own problems.
The strategy of economic planning was again revamped in the decade ng 1970. Equitable progress was set as new target. For this purpose, 32 big and later a number of small industrial units were nationalized. His policy proved to be a total disaster, industrial machinery was destroyed, production. During the last years of this decade (starting from 1971) disasters caused by the nationalization policy were seriously felt. Process of privatization was started. Efforts were made to hit a balance between agriculture and Industrial growth.
A policy to increase national savings and decrease dependence on foreign inputs was adopted. Some steps were taken for human resource development. The economic policy adopted during the first decade of the 21 century (till 2008) was based purely on the capitalistic norms of market economy. The policy makers believed that the government should do planning only on macro level for general economic stability and should ignore things like poverty alleviation and employment opportunities. During the second decade of the 21" century economic growth rate remained terribly low.
Pakistan Peoples' Party government increased salaries of the employees and helped people through Benazir income support and Waseela-e-Haq Programs. Nawaz Sharif came into power in 2013. He continued Benazir income support Program during his period, GDP growth rate was stabilized and rose to 5.53 percent in 2018. The burden of foreign debts which had touched a high-level during PPP regime continued growing, Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf came into power in 2018. The government is running Dar-ul- Ehsas and Punah Gah Programs for the welfare of the poor.
Q.2. what are the problems faced by agriculture sector in Pakistan?
Ans: Problems Faced by Agriculture Sector:
Our economy depends largely on agriculture sector. Large percentage of our population, which depends directly on agriculture, suffers from poverty due to unemployment or semi-employment. In comparison to developed countries, our agricultural produce is very low. Given below is a brief survey of the problems our agriculture sector is faced with:
Waterlogging and Salinity:
Underground water level rises and comes very close to the surface of the earth, this condition is called water-logging. Underground salts dissolve in this water and come to the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates due to heat of the sun and leaves these salts on the surface. These salts make a crust on earth surface, this condition is called salinity. Thousands of acres are still being destroyed, on yearly basis, in the provinces of the Punjab and Sindh.
Lack of Water Storage for Irrigation:
Cultivation in our barani areas and the level of water in our rivers depends totally on precipitation (falling of rain and snow). We receive excessive rainfall in the months of July and August, in other months rainfall is insufficient. We are in need of dams for the storage of water in rainy season.
Floods and Land Erosion:
Floods are very common in Pakistan, almost every year, crops are destroyed by floods. Flood water wipes off the upper layer of the soil which contains humus, this reduces the fertility of the soil. Another factor is erosion.
Under-Utilization of Cultivable Land:
According to an estimate, Pakistan has 80 million hectares of cultivable land, only 20 million hectares out of this land is under cultivation. It means that a larger portion (75 percent) of our cultivable land has so far not been utilized.
Urbanization:
Due to fast population growth, agricultural land in the vicinity of cities is being turned into housing colonies. Fast speed of urbanization is eating up our fertile cultivable land gradually.
Insufficient Transportation Facilities:
An efficient infrastructure of farm to market transport plays a vital role in the progress of an agriculture system. This makes timely supply of seed and fertilizer to the farmers and transportation of saleable agricultural goods to the market, possible. We do not have a good network of farm to market roads.
Farm Knowledge illiteracy:
Modern agriculture is not possible without the knowledge of advanced agricultural techniques. Most of our farmers are illiterate, therefore, they are unable to use modern techniques and get maximum output from their land.
Poverty:
Majority of farmers is extremely poor. They are not in a position to apply modern agricultural implements and buy quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. This deficiency makes our agriculture less profitable and less productive.
Uneconomical Land Holdings:
Most of our farmers have very small land holdings. Their incomes are hardly sufficient to meet their basic needs, they live hand to mouth and cannot spare money to invest on mechanical cultivation.
Lack of Agriculture Research:
We have a poor research base in the field of agriculture. Modern scientific research is essential for the development of more productive agriculture. We should follow the developed countries and encourage our agricultural scientists to produce new knowledge in their respective fields.
Q.3. Discuss in detail the efforts made for the solution of agricultural problems.
Ans: We in Pakistan, repeatedly claim that agriculture is the backbone of our economy. Our governments have always tried to solve the agricultural problems we are facing, some of these efforts proved fruitful, but the problems are growing fastly, more efforts are required for their solution. Given in the following lines is a review of the steps so far taken for the solution of the agricultural problems:
Agricultural Reforms
Many steps were taken after independence for the improvement of agricultural sector. Provisional governments made policies to safeguard the tenants' rights, as well as for the improvement of tenant-landlord relationship. The federal governments introduced reforms in years 1954,1958,1972, and 1997.
Under all these reforms maximum limit of land-holding was fixed. Following are the other objectives of these reforms:
- Enhance agricultural production.
- Expand employment opportunities, especially in the rural areas.
- Improve relationship between the tenant and the landowner.
- Equitable distribution of the agricultural produce.
- Improve rural population's standard of living.
Efforts
Flood Control:
Flood control and warning centers were established. Approximately four million acres of land was protected from flood by planting trees and putting up embankments.
Crop Protection:
Measures were taken for the enhancement of agricultural produce and protection of crops. For this purpose, farmer helplines and advisory services were setup. Arrangements were made for timely spray of the crops, from land and air. For controlling locust in desert areas, early warning system was devised.
Promotion of Agriculture Literacy:
Governments are applying all mediums of instruction like: radio, television and print media (books, journals, newspapers) to educate the farmer for better and scientific agriculture.
Construction of Farm-to-Market Roads:
In order to provide the farmers better facilities of transportation, the infrastructure from farm-to-market is being improve gradually.
Farmer Training:
Different ways and means are adopted to educate the farmers about how they can enhance their production by using modern agricultural techniques.
Q.4. Write a detailed note on link canals.
Ans: The Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian-Canal (BRB) takes off from the Upper Chenab Canal near Bambanwala village and ends up in the Sutlej near Kangan Pur. It was built in 1950, partly as a defense obstacle to prevent invasion of Lahore by India. The Marala-Ravi-Link-Canal was constructed in 1956. This canal flows from Marala headworks on the Chenab River to river the Ravi.
As stated earlier, three eastern rivers were allocated to India under Indus Basin Treaty of 1960. This caused shortage of water in the areas previously irrigated by these rivers. To meet this shortage new canals were built for example the Trimmu-Sidhnai-Link-Canal takes water from Trimmu Head Works and gives it to the river Ravi. Sidhnai-Melsi-Link-Canal takes water from Taunsa Barrage, built on the river Indus, and drops it in the river Chenab, from there this water is distributed among Panjnad Canals.
The Tripple Canals i.e. the Upper Jhelum, the Upper Chenab and the Lower Bari Doab carry surplus water from the river Jhelum and drop it in the river Chenab, then takes surplus water from river Chenab and drop it in the river Ravi which later on flows into the lower Bari Doab canal. Important headworks and barrages were put up in the Indus plain. On the west bank of the river Indus, most important are the canals that flow from the river Swat. The River Swat is a tributary of the river Kabul. These canals irrigate this area which produces sugarcane and wheat as major crops.
Q.5. Write in detail about the fisheries industry.
Ans: Fishing and Fish farming industries are good source of foreign exchange earnings. These industries Provide employment to hundreds of thousands of labourers and produce delicious and nourishing food. A Fisheries Development Commissioner (FDC) oversees the matters relating to fishing and fish farming. This office is a subsidiary of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. According to statistics given by the UN agency, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Pakistan earns one percent of its GDP from fish farming and fish trading.
One percent of Pakistan's total labour force is employed in fishing and fish farming industry. According to the FAO claim this industry is growing very rapidly in Pakistan. Fish is procured from three major sources:
Sea Fishing:
Pakistan's coastline is 1046 km (approximately 650 miles) long. It can be divided into two parts, Sindh coast and Makran (Balochistan) coast. Millions of fishermen live on these coasts. A modern fishing harbour has been set up near Karachi with a basic purpose to facilitate the fishing and fishing trade. This harbour houses latest facilities of fish storage, processing and trading.
Inland or Fresh-Water-Fishing:
Fresh water fishing means, catching fish from rivers and lakes, with the help of nets. Lakes and dhands (natural ponds) are main fishing sources in the province of Sindh. The total area of fresh-water lakes in Pakistan is 110,000 hectares, out of these 101,000 hectares lies in the province of Sindh.
Fish Farming:
Fisheries departments were instituted in all the four provinces of Pakistan just after independence but farming in man-made fishponds started as late as 1965. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there are approximately 13000 fishponds in Pakistan, covering 60470 hectares of land. These ponds are scattered all over the country. Fisheries departments established in all the four provinces impart valuable technical knowledge to the private sector fish farmers, which they apply in their farming practices.
Q.6. Elaborate the role of industry in Pakistan economy.
Ans: Pakistan, basically, is an agrarian economy. Experts believe that we can build a strong base for industry only by strengthening our agriculture sector, matter of the fact is that industrial development is in no way less important than the development of agriculture sector, following are the reasons:
1. Modern agriculture depends on industry to fulfil its needs. For example fertilizers, pesticides, Insecticides and all sorts of agricultural implements and machinery is manufactured by industrial sector.
2. Prices of raw material, in global market, rapidly fluctuate. Economic planning done on the basis of raw material prices is never dependable. Long term economic development cannot be based on raw material prices. For sound and long terms economic planning we have to shift our exports from agricultural raw material to processed and manufactured goods.
3. Pakistan spends huge amounts on the import of industrial raw material. For example we import petroleum, coal and edible oil. In these circumstances we need to establish industry which is based on locally produced raw materials. This will save our foreign exchange i.e.
Textile Industry:
Textile industry is based on cotton and wool, both these commodities are produced in abundance in our country.
Q.7. Write in detail about heavy industries in Pakistan.
Ans: HEAVY INDUSTRY:
Heavy industry is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such as numerous or heavy products, large and heavy equipment, huge buildings and large-scale infrastructure, complex or numerous processes. Due to these factors heavy industry consumes energy on large scale and depends more on machines than on human labour. In following pages we shall discuss some important heavy industries at work in Pakistan.
Sugar Industry:
At the time of independence Pakistan had only 9 sugar mills. According to January 2020 statistics we now have 81 sugar mills spread over all the four provinces of our country, the Punjab has the largest number. Sugar industry employs 75 thousand labour force.
Textile Industry:
At the time of independence Pakistan had only 17 textile mills. Large part of our cotton produce was exported to the UK and Japan. Policies adopted by Pakistan governments proved fruitful and the industrial sector made fast progress. Now we have 503 textile mills in Pakistan. Cotton textile is our largest industry. 45 percent of our labour force is employed in textile sector. We earn 8.5 percent of our GDP from textile products.
Woollen Textile Industry:
At the time of independence we had only one woollen mill, now we have 70. These factories manufacture blankets, shawls, thick woollen cloth (tweed) and fine woollen cloth as well as wool. Woollen mills are working in all the four provinces of the country as well as in Islamabad, i.e. Quaid Abad, Rawalpindi, Lawrencepur, Sahiwal (Panjab), Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana (Sindh); Bannu and Noshehra (KPK) and Harnai and Mastung (Balochistan).
Carpet Weaving:
Carpet manufacturing is also a subsidiary of the woollen industry. Pakistan is a big producer of hand-made and machine-made carpets. Carpet was one of our major exports few years back almost 5 percent of our total foreign exchange earning came from carpet exports.
Cement Industry:
Pakistan has abundant raw material required by the cement industry. Total number of cement factories working in Pakistan is 24, some of these are very big. These factories are set up in all the four provinces of the country, the Punjab has 12, Sindh 4, KPK 7 and Balochistan only one. Our cement production is increasing rapidly. In 2020 we produced approximately 39 million tons of cement which rose to 50 million tons in 2021.
Art-silk Industry:
Pakistan produces about 400 million meter artificial silk annually, imported silk yarn in used for this purpose. Karachi, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Multan are the major centres of the art-silk industry.
Cigarette Industry:
Smoking is injurious to health. Mouth and lung cancers are the major Diseases caused by smoking, lacs of people die of these diseases every year. Since many million people are addicted to smoking, cigarette making has become a very profitable business. Tobacco is one of our important cash crops. At the time of independence we had no tobacco processing unit or cigarette factory in Pakistan. We exported all tobacco we produced.
Now Pakistan has some 30 cigarette factories set up in Jhelum, Lahore, Sukkur, Multan, Karachi and Nowshera. KPK leads the production of tobacco, most of our production comes from the KPK districts of Charsadda, Swabi, Nowshera and Mardan.
Steel Industry / Ship-Breaking:
Industrial development of a country depends largely on the abundant supply of iron and steel. At the time of independence Pakistan had only one steel mill in Chitagong (the East Pakistan). In 1971 we lost our only steel mill as a result of the separation of East Pakistan. After that, a very big steel mill was established in Karachi with the help of the USSR. Pakistan Steel Mills has a production capacity of one million tons a year, which can be enhanced three times.
This is very unfortunate that this great national asset was spoiled due to mal-administration, dishonesty, corruption and political interference, we were never able to run the mills on profitable basis, it is running constantly in deficit and is a great burden on national exchequer. Apart from this Texila Heavy Industries is also manufacturing steel. Many big and small steel production units are also operating in private sector.
In 1980s, Gadani was the largest ship-breaking yard in the world, employing 30,000 workers. It contributed billions to the economy of Pakistan but slowly and gradually this industry started to decline mainly due to unwise government policies. The foremost reason was high tax rate.
Q.8. what is meant by balance of trade and balance of payment?
Ans: Balance of Trade and balance of payment;
The balance of trade is the difference between a country's exports and imports of goods, while the balance of payments is a record of all international economic transactions made by a country's residents, including trade in goods and services, as well as financial capital and financial transfers. The balance of trade is a part of the balance of payments and is represented in the current account, which also includes income from investments and transfers such as foreign aid and gifts. The capital account, which is another part of the balance of payments, includes financial capital and financial transfers.
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